Objectives. To assess the efficacy of acupuncture in treating opioid use disorder (OUD). Design. Systematic review and metaanalysis.\nMethods. PubMed, CochraneCentral Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to\nNursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertation andTheses, Allied and Complementary\nMedicine Database (AMED), Clinicaltrials.gov, and who.int/trialsearch were searched from inception to 23 December 2017. The\nmethodological quality of selected studies and the quality of evidence for outcomes were assessed, respectively, by the Cochrane\nrisk of bias assessment tool and the GRADE approach. Statistical analyses were conducted by RevMan 5.3. Results. A total of nine\nstudies involving 1063 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results showed that acupuncture could be more beneficial\nthan no treatment/sham acupuncture in terms of changes in craving for opioid (MD -2.18, 95% CI -3.10 to -1.26), insomnia (MD\n2.31, 95% CI 1.97 to 2.65), and depression (SMD -1.50, 95% CI -1.85 to -1.15). In addition, these findings showed that, compared to\nsham electroacupuncture (EA), EA had differences in alleviating symptoms of craving (SMD -0.50, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.05) and\ndepression (SMD -1.07, 95% CI -1.88 to -0.25) and compared to sham transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TEAS),\nTEAS had differences in alleviating symptoms of insomnia (MD 2.31, 95% CI 1.97 to 2.65) and anxiety (MD -1.26, 95% CI -1.60\nto -0.92) compared to no treatment/sham TEAS. Conclusions. Acupuncture could be effective in treating OUD. Moreover, EA\ncould effectively alleviate symptoms of craving for opioid and depression, and TEAS could be beneficial in improving symptoms\nof insomnia and anxiety. Nevertheless, the conclusions were limited due to the low-quality and small number of included studies.\nPROSPERO registration number is CRD42018085063.
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